Open Letter from World Scientists to All Governments
Summary
We, the undersigned scientists call for the immediate suspension of all
environmental releases of GM crops, both commercially and in open field
trials,
for at least five years; and for patents on organisms, seeds, cell lines
and
genes to be revoked and banned.
Patents on life-forms are allowing corporations to pirate intellectual
and
genetic resources from Third World nations and increasing corporate
monopoly on
food production and distribution. GM crops are not necessary to feed the
world.
There is already more than enough food for everyone. What we need is an
end to
food monopoly and a more equitable distribution.
The public have been promised miracle GM crops that will fix nitrogen,
resist
drought and improve yield. Instead, the only crops on offer are
engineered to
be tolerant to wide-spectrum herbicides manufactured by the same
corporations,
or are engineered with bt-toxins to kill insect pests. The latest
largescale
survey of GM crops showed they offered no benefits.
On the contrary, they yield significantly less and require the use of
more
herbicides.
The hazards of GM crops are now becoming apparent, and some of them are
acknowledged by sources with the UK and US Governments. The herbicides
used
with herbicide-tolerant crops destroy biodiversity and are toxic to many
animals including human beings. Herbicide-tolerant GM crops have become
weeds
and created further weeds by cross-pollination. The bt-toxins harm
beneficial
insect-pollinators, and have also led to widespread evolution of
resistance
among insect pests.
The horizontal spread of antibiotic resistance marker genes from GM
crops has
already been recognised as a serious hazard that will compromise the
treatment
of life-threatening infectious diseases which have come back worldwide.
New
findings show that the horizontal spread of marker genes and other
transgenic
DNA can occur, not only by ingestion but via breathing in
pollen and dust. The cauliflower mosaic viral promoter, widely used in
GM
crops, may enhance horizontal gene transfer and has the potential to
generate
new viruses that cause diseases.
All commercial plantings and open field trials should be halted. They
are
hazardous as the spread of transgenic pollen cannot be controlled. At
the same
time, the field-trials will produce no useful results because the
protocols are
inadequate. No attempts are being made to monitor for horizontal gene
transfer
or for impacts on public health.
There is an urgent need for research into sustainable agricultural
methods that
do not require GM crops. Many of these systems have already resulted in
increased yields and diminished environmental impacts around the world.
* * *
We, the undersigned scientists, call for the immediate suspension of all
environmental releases of GM crops, both commercially and in open field
trials,
for at least 5 years; and for patents on organisms, seeds, cell lines
and genes
to be revoked and banned [1].
1. Patents on life-forms are allowing corporations to plagiarise
indigenous
knowledge and plunder genetic resources from Third World communities,
and at
the same time, increasing corporate monopoly on food which is destroying
livelihoods of family farmers all over the world.
2. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current GM crops are
neither
needed nor beneficial. They are a dangerous diversion from the real task
of
providing food and health around the world.
3. The promises to genetic engineer crops to fix nitrogen, resist
drought,
improve yield and to 'feed the world' have been around for at least 30
years.
Such promises have built up a multibillion-dollar industry now
controlled by a
mere handful of corporate giants.
4. The miracle crops have not materialised. Instead, two simple
characteristics
account for all the GM crops in the world [2]. More than 70% are
tolerant to
broad-spectrum herbicides, with companies engineering plants to be
tolerant to
their own brand of herbicide, while the rest are engineered with
bt-toxins to
kill insect pests. A total of 65 million acres were planted in 1998
within the
US, Argentina and Canada. The latest surveys on GM crops in the US, the
largest
grower by far, showed no
significant benefit. On the contrary, the most widely grown GM crops
-herbicide-tolerant soya beans - yielded on average 6.7% less and
required two
to five times more herbicides than non-GM varieties [3].
5. According to the UN food programme, there is enough food to feed the
world
one and a half times over. World cereal yields have consistently
outstripped
population growth since 1980, but one billion are hungry [4]. It is on
account
of corporate monopoly operating under the globalised economy that the
poor are
getting poorer and hungrier. Family farmers all over the world have been
driven
to destitution and suicide, and for the same reasons. Between 1993 and
1997 the
number of mid-sized farms in the US dropped by 74,440 [5], and farmers
are now
receiving below the average cost of production for their produce [6].
Four
corporations currently control 85% of the world trade in cereals [7].
6. The new patents on seeds will intensify corporate monopoly by
preventing
farmers from saving and replanting seeds, which is what most farmers
still do
in the Third World. Christian Aid, a major charity working with the
Third
World, concludes that GM crops will cause unemployment, exacerbate Third
World
debt, threaten sustainable farming systems and damage the
environment. It predicts famine for the poorest countries [8]. The
picture is
just as grim for the developed world. A coalition of family farming
groups in
the US have declared their opposition to GM crops and corporate
ownership of
life-forms through patenting. They are demanding a moratorium on all
corporate
mergers and acquisitions, a moratorium on farm closures, and an end to
policies
that serve big agribusiness interests at the expense of family farmers,
taxpayers and the environment [9].
7. The hazards of GM crops are now becoming apparent, and some of them
are
acknowledged by sources within the UK and US Governments. For example,
the UK
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) has admitted that the
transfer of GM crops and pollen beyond the planted fields is unavoidable
[10],
and this has already resulted in herbicide-tolerant weeds [11].
Bt-resistant
insect pests have evolved in response to the continuous presence of the
toxins
in transgenic plants throughout the growing season, and the US
Environment
Protection Agency is recommending farmers to plant
up to 40% non-GM crops in order to create refugia for non-resistant
insect
pests [12]. The broad-spectrum herbicides used with herbicide-tolerant
GM crops
not only decimate wild species indiscriminately, but are toxic to
animals. One
of them, glufosinate, causes birth defects in mammals [13], A Swedish
study now
links the top-selling herbicide, glyphosate, to
non-Hodgkin lymphoma [14]. GM crops with bt-toxins kill beneficial
insects
such as bees [15] and lacewings [16], and pollen from bt-maize is lethal
to
monarch butterflies [17].
8. A potential source of health hazards from GM crops is from the
secondary
horizontal transfer of transgenic DNA to unrelated species; in
principle, to
all species interacting with the transgenic plants [18]. The spread of
antibiotic resistance marker genes to pathogens is the most immediate
danger as
this will further compromise treatment of life-threatening drug and
antibiotic
resistance diseases which have come back worldwide. However, the random
insertion of foreign DNA into genomes associated with horizontal
transfer of
transgenic DNA can also result in many harmful effects, including cancer
in
mammalian cells [19]. The potential for horizontal gene transfer is now
also
acknowledged by sources within the US and UK Governments.
9. The possibility for naked or free DNA to be taken up by mammalian
cells is
explicitly mentioned in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) draft
guidance to industry on antibiotic resistance marker genes [20]. In
commenting
on the FDA's document, the UK MAFF pointed out that transgenic DNA may
be
transferred not just by ingestion, but by contact with plant
dust and air-borne pollen during farm work and food processing [21],
and cited
several significant new findings bearing on the issue.
10. Thus, plant DNA is not readily degraded during most commercial food
processing [22]. Procedures such as grinding and milling left grain DNA
largely
intact, as did heat-treatment at 90oC. The DNA of plants placed in
silage
showed little degradation of DNA, and the special MAFF report advises
against
using ensilaged transgenic plants in animal feed.
11. The letter from UK MAFF to US FDA also mentions new findings that
the human
mouth contains bacteria capable of taking up and expressing naked DNA
containing antibiotic resistance marker genes and similar transformable
bacteria are also present in the respiratory tracts [23].
12. What both regulatory authorities have failed to consider is that
transgenic
pollens, which may have increased allergenicity and toxicity besides,
will
almost certainly spread far afield to the general public. Similarly, the
current unregulated practice of feeding farm animals transgenic grain
and plant
remains, and transgenic wastes, both ensilaged and otherwise, is
endangering
the health of farm animals and of human beings in spreading antibiotic
resistance marker genes and other transgenic DNA.
13. Serious health concerns are also raised by the cauliflower mosaic
viral
(CaMV) promoter in transgenic DNA. The CaMV promoter, widely used in
expression
cassettes of transgenes, is known to contain a 'recombination hotspot'.
One
usual mechanism of recombination involves the double-stranded DNA
breaking and
joining with other double-stranded DNA. This has been identified as the
mechanism generating many different lines of transgenic rice during a
routine
transformation experiment. Extensive recombination at the hotspot has
taken
place in the absence of the viral recombinase, indicating that the host
plant
cell can catalyse such recombinations [24]. Thus, the CaMV promoter has
an
enhanced capability to transfer
horizontally, with potentially dangerous consequences.
14. CaMV is closely related to human hepatitis B virus, and also has a
reverse
transcriptase gene related to that in retroviruses such as the
AIDS-associated
HIV [25]. Thus, the CaMV promoter not only enhances horizontal gene
transfer,
but has the potential to reactivate dormant viruses (which are in all
genomes)
and to generate new viruses by recombination.
15. The British Medical Association, in their interim report (published
May,
1999), called for an indefinite moratorium on the releases of GMOs
pending
further research on new allergies, the spread of antibiotic resistance
genes
and the effects of transgenic DNA. This position is fully in accord with
the
precautionary principle.
16. Contrary to the claims of the UK Government, no useful results can
be
obtained in the current massive 'farm-scale' trials of transgenic
herbicide-tolerant oil-seed rape and maize where the spread of
transgenic
pollens cannot be controlled, and which make no attempts to monitor for
horizontal gene transfer or for impacts on health [26].
17. Research into sustainable, non-corporate agricultural systems which
do not
involve GM crops should be widely supported. Many of these systems have
already
resulted in increased yield and income for family farmers, diminished
environmental impacts, and improvements in nutrition and health for all
[27].
1. See World Scientists Statement <www.i-sis.dircon.co.uk>
2. James, C. (1998). Global Status of Transgenic Crops in 1998, ISAAA
Briefs,
New York.
3. Benbrook, C. (1999). Evidence of the Magnitude and Consequences of
the
Roundup Ready Soybean Yield Drag from University-Based Varietal Trials
in 1998,
Ag BioTech InfoNet Technical Paper No. 1, Idaho.
4. See Watkins, K. (1999). Free trade and farm fallacies. Third World
Resurgence 100/101, 33-37.
5. Farm and Land in Farms, Final Estimates 1993-1997, USDA National
Agricultural Statistics Service.
6. See Griffin, D. (1999). Agricultural globalization. A threat to food
security? Third World Resurgence 100/101, 38-40.
7. Farm Aid fact sheet: The Farm Crisis Deepens, Cambridge, Mass, 1999.
8. Simms, A. (1999). Selling Suicide, farming, false promises and
genetic
Bengineering in developing countries, Christian Aid, London.
9. Farmer's rally on Capitol Hill, September 12, 1999.
10. MAFF Fact Sheet: Genetic modification of crops and food, June, 1999.
11. See Ho, M.W. and Tappeser, B. (1997). Potential contributions of
horizontal
gene transfer to the transboundary movement of living modified organisms
resulting from modern biotechnology. Proceedings of Workshop on
Transboundary
Movement of Living Modified Organisms resulting from Modern
biotechnology :
Issues and Opportunities for Policy-makers (K.J. Mulongoy, ed.), pp.
171-193,
International Academy of the Environment, Geneva.
12. Mellon, M. and Rissler, J. (1998). Now or Never. Serious New Plans
to Save
a Natural Pest Control, Union of Conerned Scientists, Cambridge, Mass.
13. Garcia,A.,Benavides,F.,Fletcher,T. and Orts,E. (1998). Paternal
exposure to
pesticides and congenital malformations. Scand J Work Environ Health 24,
473-80.
14. Hardell, H. & Eriksson, M. (1999). A Case-Control Study of
Non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma and Exposure to Pesticides. Cancer85, 1353-1360.
15. "Cotton used in medicine poses threat: genetically-altered cotton
may not
be safe" Bangkok Post, November 17, 1997.
16. Hilbeck, A., Baumgartner, M., Fried, P.M. and Bigler, F. (1998).
Effects of
transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis-corn-fed prey on mortality and
development
time of immature Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae).
Environmental
Entomology 27, 480-96.
17. Losey, J.E., Rayor, L.D. and Carter, M.E. (1999). Transgenic pollen
harms
monarch larvae. Nature 399, 214.
18. Reviewed in Ho, M.W. (1998,1999). Genetic Engineering Dream or
Nightmare?
The Brave New World of Bad Science and Big Business, Gateway Books,
Bath; Ho,
M.W., Traavik, T., Olsvik, R., Tappeser, B., Howard, V., von Weizsacker,
C. and
McGavin, G. (1998b). Gene Technology and Gene Ecology of Infectious
Diseases.
Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 10, 33-59; Traavik, T. (1999a).
Too
early may be too late, Ecological risks associated with the use of naked
DNA as
a biological tool for research, production and therapy, Research report
for
Directorate for Nature Management, Norway.
19. Reviewed by Doerfler, W., Schubbert, R., Heller, H., Kämmer, C.,
Hilger-Eversheim, D., Knoblauch, M. and Remus, R. (1997). Integration of
foreign DNA and its consequences in mammalian systems. Tibtech 15,
297-301;
see also note 18.
20. Draft Guidance for Industry: Use of Antibiotic Resistance Marker
Genes in
Transgenic Plants, US FDA, September 4, 1998.
21. See Letter from N. Tomlinson, Joint Food Safety and Standards Group,
MAFF,
to US FDA, 4 December, 1998.
22. Forbes, J.M., Blair, D.E., Chiter, A., and Perks, S. (1998). Effect
of Feed
Processing Conditions on DNA Fragmentation Section 5 - Scientific
Report, MAFF.
23. Mercer, D.K., Scott, K.P., Bruce-Johnson, W.A. Glover, L.A. and
Flint, H.J.
(1999). Fate of free DNA and transformation of the oral bacterium
Streptococcus
gordonii DL1 by plasmid DNA in human saliva. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 65, 6-10.
24. Kohli, A., Griffiths, S., Palacios, N., Twyman, R.M., Vain, P.,
Laurie,
D.A. and Christou, P. (1999). Molecular characterization of transforming
plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination
hotspot in
the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology
mediated
recombination. The Plant Journal 17, 591-601.
25. Xiong, Y. and Eickbush, T.H. (1990). Origin and evolution of
retroelements
based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences. EMBO J. 9, 3353-3362.
26. Firbank, L.G. Dewar, A.M., Hill, M.O., May, M.J., Perry, J.N.,
Rothery,
O.P., Squire, G.R. and Woiwod, I.P. (1999). Farm-scale evaluation of GM
crops
explained. Nature 399, 727-8.
27. See Pretty, J. (1995). Sustainable Agriculture, Earthscan, London;
also
Pretty, J. (1998). The Living Land - Agriculture, Food and Community
Regeneration in Rural Europe, Earthscan, London.
World Scientists' Statement
World Scientists' Statement launched in Cartegena, Columbia, (Feb. 1999)
during
the UN Convention of Biological Diversity Conference on the
International
Biosafety Protocol, calling on all governments to:
* Impose an immediate moratorium on further environmental releases of
transgenic crops, food and animal-feed products for at least 5 years.
* Ban patents on living organisms, cell lines and genes.
* Support a comprehensive, independent public enquiry into the future of
agriculture and food security for all, taking account of the full range
of
scientific findings as well as socioeconomic and ethical implications.
Signed (126 scientists from 24 countries):
Angela Fehringer, Anthropology Student, Sydney, Australia
Dr. Ted Steele, Molecular Immunologist, U. Wollengong, Australia
Stephen Glanville PDC, ECOS Design, Australia
Margaret Jackson, BSc. Genetics, National Genetics Awareness Alliance,
Australia
Dr Farhad Mazhar, Ecologist, New Agricultural Movement, Bangladesh
Renata Menasche, Agronomist, Anthropology Undergrad. Federal Un. of Rio
Grand
du Sul, Brazil
Paulo Roberto Martins, Research Institute of Technology, Brazil
Dr Thomas R. Preston, Un. of Tropical Agriculture, Cambodia
Prof. David Suzuki, Geneticist, U.B.C., Canada
Prof. Joe Cummins, Geneticist, University of Western Ontario, Canada
Dr Warren Bell, MD, Canad. Assoc. of Physicians for the Environ., Canada
Prof. Abby Lippman, Epidemologist & Geneticist, McGill Un. Canada
Prof. Ronald Labonte, Population Health Research Director, Ontario,
Canada
Prof. Marijan Jost, Plant Geneticist, Agricultural College, Krizevci,
Croatia
Prof Anton Svajger, Uni. Zagreb Medical School, Croatia
Vesna Samobor, M.Sc. Agricultural College, Krizevci, Croatia
Damir Magdic, M.Sc. Food Scientist, Osijek Uni., Croatia
Damjan Bogdanovic, PhD candidate, Uni Zagreb, Croatia
Dr. Tewolde Egziabher, Agronomist, Min. of the Environment, Ethiopia
Dr. Herve Le Meur, Biomathematician, Uni. Paris, France
Dr. Christine von Weisaeker, Ecoropa, Germany
Dr Christiane Boecker, MCommH, Community Health, Haiti
Prof. Ervin Laszlo, President, The Club of Buddapest, Hungary
Dr. Vandana Shiva, Research Institute for Science and Ecology, India
Dr. Muhua Achary, Environmentalist, St. Joseph's College, Bangalore,
India
Dr. Bruno D'Udine, Behaviour Ecologist, University of Udine, Italy
Dr Giorgio Cingolani, Agricultural Economist, Italy
Prof. Atuhiro Sibatani, Molecular Biologist, Osaka, Japan
Dr Shiron Sugita, Plant Geneticist, Nagoya Uni. Japan
Dr Noeoru Tagishita, Plant Geneticist, Jap. Assoc. Agro-Nature, Tokyo,
Japan
Dr. Shingo Shibata, Biosafety and Environmental Sociologist, Japan
Dr Machiko Yasukohchi, PLAN - International Japan Public Relations
Team,Japan
Jaroen Compeerapap, Environmental Law and Development Center, The
Netherlands
Dr Robert Mann, Ecologist, Auckland, New Zealand
Dr Peter R Wills, Theoretical Biology, Uni. Auckland, New Zealand
Prof. Terje Traavik, Virologist, University of Tromso, Norway
Dr Ingrid Olesen, Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Aquaculture
Res. Ltd,
Norway
Prof. Oscar B. Zamora, Agronomist, Uni. Phillipines, Los Banos,
Phillipines
Dr. Pamela G. Fernadez, Agronomist, Uni. Phllipines, Los Banos,
Phillipines
Dr Gregorio Alvar, Biotechnologist,. Computense Uni. Madrid, Spain
Dr. Javier Blasco, Aragonese Ctr Rural European Information, Spain
Dr. Katarina Leppanen, History of Ideas, Gothenburg Uni, Sweden
Florianne Koechlin, Biologist, World Wildlife Fund, Switzerland
Verena Soldati, Biotechnologist, Basler Appell, Switzerland.
Dr. Daniel Amman, Cell Biologist, Tech. Switzerland
Dr. Ruth Goseth, Dermatologist, ISDE, Switzerland
Yves Schatzle, Agronomist and Economist, Switzerland
Prof. Omboom Luanratana, Pharmacologist, Univ. of Mahedol, Bangkok,
Thailand.
Brian Hursey, ex. FAO Senior Officer for Vector Borne Diseases, Neath,
UK.
Prof. Arpad Pusztai, Biochemist, Formerly from Rowett Institute, UK
Dr. Susan Bardocz, Geneticist, Aberdeen, UK
Dr. Colin L.A. Leakey, Plant Geneticist, Cambridge, UK
Dr. Harash Narang, Pathologist, BSE expert, UK
Prof. Richard Lacey, Microbiologist, Leeds, UK
Dr. Michael Antoniou, Molecular Geneticist, Guy's Hospital, UK
Dr. Mae-Wan Ho, Geneticist and Biophysicist, Open University, UK
Dr J. M. Kerr, Bioethics, Winchester College: Oxford U. UK
Fatima Pelica, Biochemist, PhD Candidate, JII, UK
Dr Tom Wakeford, Biologist, Uni. of East London, UK
Peter Preston Jones, MSc, Environomental Campaigner, UK
Prof. Brian Goodwin, Biologist, Schumacher College, UK
Patrick Holden, Director, Soil Association, UK
Dr. Eva Novotny, Biologist, Uni. Cambridge (retired), UK
Prof. Ian Stewart, Biomathematics, Uni. Warwick, UK
Dr. Vyvyan Howard, Toxipathologist, Uni. Liverpool, UK
Lynda Birke , Biologist, Liverpool Uni. Veterinary School, UK
Prof. Peter Saunders, Biomathematician, Uni. London, UK
Prof. Tim Ingold, Anthropologist, Uni. Manchester, UK
Dr. Robert C. Poller, Organic Chemist, Uni. London, UK
Gordon Daly P.hD student, Gene Therapist, Kennedy Inst. London, UK
Stuart Daly P.hD student, Transgenic group, Charing Cross Hosp. UK
Dr. John E. Hammond, Engineer, Highfeild, UK
Dr. Philip Kilner, Cardiologist, Royal Brompton & Harefield, UK
Dani Kaye M.Sc. Scientists for Global Responsibility London, UK
David Kaye M.Sc. Scientists for Global Responsibility, London, UK
Angela Ryan, Molecular biologist, Open Uni. UK
Prof. David Packham, Material Scientist, Uni. Bath, UK
Dr. David J Heaf, Biochemist, Wales, UK
Dr. Alan Currier, Taxonomist, IRBV, UK
Dr. Gesa Staats de Yanes, Veterinarian Toxicologists, Uni. Liverpool, UK
Barbara Wood-Kaczmar, M.Sc., Science writer, UK
Dr. Gene S. Thomas, Agriculturist, UK
Dr. David A.H. Birley, General Medical Practitioner, Swindon, UK
Prof. Martha Crouch, Biologist, Indiana University, USA
Prof. Ruth Hubbard, Biologist, Harvard University, USA
Prof. Phil Bereano, Council for Responsible Genetics, Uni. Washington
USA
Prof. Martha Herbert , Pediatric Neurologist, Mass. Gen. Hosp. USA
Prof. David Schwartzman, Geochemist, Howard Uni. Washington DC USA
Prof. John Garderineer, Biologist, Uni. Michigan USA
Dr John Fagan, Genetics ID, Washington, USA
Dr. Britt Bailey, Senior Researcher, CETOS, Ca, USA
Dr. Marc Lappe, Geneticist and Director CETOS, Ca, USA
Dr Michael W Fox, Veterinarian & Bioethicist, Washington DC, USA
Dr Walter Bortz, Physician, Palo Alto, USA
Dr. Mahua Acharya, Biologist, USA
Anne-Marie Mayer, Ph. D. candidate, Nutrition, Cornell Univ., USA
Dr. Catherine Badley, Biologist, University of Michigan USA
Dr. Gerald Smith, Zoologist, Uni. Michigan, USA
Vuejuin McKersen M.Sc, Natural Resource Manager, Uni. Michigan, USA
Dr. John Soluri, Historian of Science, Carnegie Mellon Uni, USA
Juiet S Erazo, PhD student, Uni. of Michigan USA
Dr. Juette Peufecto, Biologist, Uni. of Michigan USA
U.V. Kutzli, Ph.D. Candidate, Uni. of Michigan USA
Kristin Cobelius, M.Sc. Student, Uni. Michigan USA
Lena S Nicolai, PhD Student, Uni. of Michigan, USA
Marial Peelle, Biol./Anthropologist Undergrad. Swarthmors College USA
Dr. Ty Fitzmorris, Ecologist, Hampshire College USA
Dr. Caros R Ramirez, Biologist, St Lawrance University USA
Rosa Vazquez, Student in Biology, Ohio State University USA
Sean Lyman, Student, Gettysbury College, USA
Ryan White, Student, St Lawrence University, USA
Dr Jack Kloppenburg, Un. Wisconsin, Rural Sociologist, USA
Dr. Nancy A Schult, Entomologist, Uni. of Wisconsin-Madison USA
Dr. Brian Schultz, Ecologist, Hampshire College USA
Dr. Douglas H Boucher, Ecologist, Hood College USA
Dr. Timothy Mann, Geographer, Hampshire College
Chris Picone M.Sc. Soil Microbiologist, Uni. Michigan USA
Dr. Peter M. Rosset, Ins. for Food and Development Policy, USA
Dr. Ignacio Chapela, Microbiologist & Ecologist, U.C. Berkeley, USA
Dr. Ingrid C. Northwood, Biochemist, Simon Fraser University, USA
Prof. Ed Daniel, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Ca, USA
Dr Linda Jean Sheperd, Biochemist, Gaia Blessings, USA
Dr Herve Grenier, Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change, Univ.
Washington,USA
U.V. Kutzli, Ph.D. Candidate, Uni. of Michigan USA
Alex Jack, Planetary Medicine, Jushi Institute, Becket, Mass, USA
Philip H Howard, Ph.D candidate, Rural Sociology, Uni. of Missouri, USA
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